Prohibition Era Essay Example for Free

Prohibition Era Essay Prohibition in the United States takes effect on January 17th 1920, this is also known as the 18th amendment. This amendment banned the production, distribution, and sale of alcohol. The majority of the population pushed this law and wanted it to happen, however they did not realize the consequences to come. The prohibition era would be one of the most violent tines in the 20th century. Moonshine is a part of the backwoods culture and prohibition only fuels the fire. With alcohol hard to find moonshiners could charge top dollar for their product. This got more people interested in the production and distribution of illegal liquor because the profit outweighed the risk. The problem with this was rookie moonshiners, because they did not know the safe way, or the safe ingredients to produce moonshine. Also with the increased production brought increased law enforcement. The officers were supposed to destroy any moonshine still they found but were often bribed to look the other way. Another way alcohol was being brought into the U.S. is by boat. Large carrier vessels would stock up in Canada and Jamaica and drop anchor three miles off the coast in international waters, this was called Rum Row. There were over one hundred distribution ships off the coast between Maine and Florida who would sell to any takers. Similar to moonshine the U.S. had to step there game up and beef up the coast guard to catch these rum runners. However the runner’s response to the coast guard was to build bigger and faster boats. Some of these vessels could carry up to two hundred cases of liquor and were equipped with airplane engines. Also some boats could produce a smoke screen and were bullet proof. Then the coast guard did whatever it took to catch the runner’s. They would even open fire on the boat and crew to prevent the shipment from making it to the coast. Most of this illegal alcohol was being sold in private clubs called speakeasies. These clubs had secret rooms and walls to conceal the liquor to fool the police if they were raided. Even with the high risk people were drawn to these clubs because of the thrill of being caught breaking the law. Nevertheless before you could enter into one of these clubs you had to be given the password. But once you were cleared to enter they had all the alcohol you could pay for. Another big player in the Prohibition era was the mobsters. The Bernstein brothers Purple gang and Al Capone’s North Side Gang were the main contenders. They had the public terrorized because they were not afraid to kill anyone, anywhere. The illegal liquor didn’t enter or leave the city without there say so. All of this competition caused a gang war to break out between the Purple gang and the North Side gang. In one massacre the purple gang dressed as police and lined members of the North side gang up against a wall and murdered them. With all of this violence in the U.S. people are fed up with Prohibition law. They realized people are going to drink no matter what the law says. Then to the relief of many Americans on December 5, 1933 President Roosevelt signs the 22nd amendment to revoke prohibition.

The Etiology of Addiction Disease Model Essay examples -- Addiction Dr

Addiction is like all behaviours â€Å"the business of the brain†. Addictions are compulsive physical and psychological needs from habit-forming sustenances like nicotine, alcohol, and drugs. Being occupied with or involved in such activities, leads a person who uses them again and again to become tolerant and dependent eventually experiencing withdrawal. (Molintas, 2006). Addictive drugs cause dopamine neurons to release dopamine, the pleasure hormone. The narcotics disable the neurons that would usually keep the dopamine neurons in check; becoming over stimulated. Endorphins are produced and released within the brain, creating a high and reinforcing the individual’s positive associations with the activity. Hence â€Å"the rush† (Molintas, 2006) Considering alcohol, alcoholic beverages have been a part of this nation`s past since the Pilgrims landed (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 4). Early colonists had a high regard for alcoholic beverages because alcohol was believed to be a healthy substance with preventative and curative capabilities rather than as an intoxicant. (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 4) Alcohol was the â€Å"centerpiece† in taverns throughout the colonies. The production and consumption of alcohol caused enough concern to precipitate several versions of the `temperance ‘movement, which was developed to encourage people to refrain from the use of distilled spirits. Their goal was the replacement of excessive drinking with more moderate and socially approved levels of drinking (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 4). In the early 1800`s, clergy took the position that alcohol could corrupt both the mind and body (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 4). Throughout history, humans have used drugs to achieve desired changes of experiences. Even ancient warriors â€Å"... ...rator, can deny responsibility by claiming a lack of control caused by drugs or alcohol. It remains valid that drug and alcohol abuse are common characteristics of all forms of violence (Wallace, 2008, p. 19). Works Cited David Capuzzi, M. D. (2008). Foundations of Addictions Counselling. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Molintas, D. (2006, November 26). Addictions. Retrieved from Anatomy of Addictions: www.pcij.org/i-report/2006/addictions.html Stanton Peele. (1988). Major Contemporay Perspectives on Addiction and Alcoholism. New York, NY: Macmillian, Inc. UnKnown. (2011, January 7). Is Alcoholism a Disease? Retrieved January 7, 2011, from Alcohol and Drug Guide.com: www.alcohol-and-drug-guide.com/alcoholism-disease-model.html Wallace, H. (2008). Family Violence Legal, Medical, and Social Perspectives - Fifth Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.

Crank Mechanism

Name: Monish Kumar (S11065194) The University of the South Pacific MM313 Dynamic Systems Experiment 2- Crank Mechanism Aim: To investigate the relationship between piston displacement and crank angle for different ratios between the connecting rod and the crank. Also to look at the relationship between the turning moment on the crank shaft and crank angle for a given force on the piston. Equipment and Instrument: Introduction: A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice-versa.The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear sliding motion. Theory: Figure 1. 0: Slider crank mecha nism The slider crank mechanism as shown in figure 1. 0 is a kinematic mechanism. The piston displacement from the top dead centre, x, can be determined from the geometry of the mechanism, in terms of the lengths of the connecting rod, L, and crank, R, and the crank angle, ? can be expressed as x=L+R-(Lcos? -Rcos? ) Also from the geometry, it can be seen that Rsin? =Lsin? And sin? =sin? n Hence cos? =[1+sin? n2]1/2 Where n is a ratio: n=LR Procedure: Part A: 1) No weights and hangers required, the unit initial starting position 0 in the protractor is setup and 90? and 270? protractor positions to be in line with the level lines in each side. 2) The unit is to be setup in its highest point, Top dead centre point was used to work out the displacement value 3) The mounted disc was turned 30? nd the displacement was noted on the results table, this step was again repeated for different angles and different crank positions. Part B: Results: PART A Table 1: Results of Piston Displacement Crank angle| Displacement| | P1 (mm) experiment| P1 (mm) theory| P2 (mm) experiment| P2 (mm) theory| P3 (mm) experiment| P3 (mm) theory| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 30| 3| 3. 180748214| 5| 4. 252344481| 7| 5. 324742758| 45| 7| 6. 86291501| 10| 9. 20565874| 13| 11. 55001055| 60| 12| 11. 51142198| 17| 15. 51081741| 20| 19. 51263112| 90| 22| 22. 02041029| 31| 30. 01960212| 39| 38. 2202662| 120| 31| 31. 51142198| 45| 43. 51081741| 53| 55. 51263112| 135| 35| 35. 14718626| 50| 48. 80363849| 63| 62. 4616988| 150| 38| 37. 82176437| 53| 52. 74976709| 68| 67. 67857183| 180| 39| 40| 56| 56| 71| 72| Table 2: calculation of the angle ? Crank angle| ? | 0| 0| 30| 5. 73917| 45| 8. 130102| 60| 9. 974222| 90| 11. 53696| 120| 9. 974222| 135| 8. 130102| 150| 5. 73917| 180| 1. 40E-15| Graph of Displacement (mm) vs. Crank angle position (? ) Sample Calculation: For Displacement P1 at 30? crank angle. To find, ? , n = 5 sin? =sin? n ?=sin-1sin? n=sin-1sin305=5. 73917?To calculate the theoretical displacement, x : x=r1-cos? +nr(1-cos? ) x=201-cos30+nr1-cos5. 73917=3. 180748214 mm Discussion: 1. After plotting the graph of Displacement versus the crank angle position, the graph show that the experimental values and the theoretical displacement can be compared, the experimental plot and the theoretical plot are almost same. 2. From the results graph the graph show that the measured displacement follows the theoretical curve very well. The maximum difference between the experimental and theoretical displacement is 2 mm. 3. For full rotation i. e. 60? the motion of the piston is close to simple harmonic, after 180? the displacement will gradually decrease to 0, it will form a cosine graph. PART B: Piston Balance and Forces Table 3: Piston balance and forces Angle (? )| No added Piston Weight P3 (N)| 4N Added Piston Weight P3 (N)| | LHS| RHS| LHS| RHS| 0| 4. 9| 4. 9| 4. 9| 4. 9| 30| 5. 3| 4. 9| 5. 8| 4. 9| 45| 5. 5| 4. 9| 6. 1| 4. 9| 60| 5. 7| 4. 9| 6. 3| 4. 9| 90| 5. 8| 4. 9| 6. 2| 4. 9| 120| 5 . 5| 4. 9| 5. 8| 4. 9| 135| 5. 3| 4. 9| 5. 6| 4. 9| 150| 5. 1| 4. 9| 5. 5| 4. 9| 180| 4. 9| 4. 9| 4. 9| 5. 3| 225| 4. 9| 5. 3| 4. | 6. 5| 270| 4. 9| 5. 4| 4. 9| 6| 315| 4. 9| 5. 5| 4. 9| 5. 7| Graph of Weights vs. Angle (No added Piston Weight P3 (N)) Graph of Weights vs. Angle (4N added Piston Weight P3 (N)) Discussion: 1) Experimental results was not satisfactory, there was some errors made which was due to friction between the mounted disc and the protractor. 2) After looking at the results graph the greatest amount of force approximately at 60? to 90? for no added piston weight. The weight is 5. 8 N at LHS whereas for 4N added piston weight the greatest amount of force is 6. 5 N at 225? RHS. Conclusion:The kinematic motion of the crank mechanism can be expressed in terms of the lengths of the crank and the conrod, and the displacement of the crankshaft. The experimental measurements of piston displacement agree with the prediction of a theoretical model of the piston motion. Due to friction errors were made in the second part of the experiment but still manage to get the results to find out the greatest amount of force being exerted on crank mechanism. Reference: Experiment 2 – Crank Mechanism. (2013). Suva, Fiji Islands. Kearney, M. (2005, August 15). Kinematics of a Slider- crank mechanism.

Structural Functionalist And Marx And Engels s Theory Of...

Social stratification refers to a layer of inequality which society ranks categories of individuals in a hierarchy. The term stratification comes from the geology term ‘strata’ meaning rock layers. Throughout this paper I will touch base on ways structural functionalist and Marx and Engels view stratification in society, different way exploitation take place in capitalist society according to Marx and Engles, the basic elements of exploitation, the forces that keep society from rebelling, and a few ways Davis and Moore critique Marx and Engels’ model of stratification. Both Marx and Engels agree that stratification is unnecessary within society. They both believe that stratification is a form of control that resulted from exploitation. Which reflect their view from the perspective of the â€Å"undergo† also known as the working class.For them stratification is about the exploitation of the working class.They explain the system, society, and capitalist socie ty that on have benefits the rich and not the workers. Which is very different view from spencer. They both believe humans have values. The rich get more resources and the worker less. Which is problematic because the workers produce the resources but they don’t get anything. According to Marx the Elites benefit form the system because they have the money so they can afford to be creative (go to a university, museum and other enjoyments) While the workers are exploited in the system because they don t have money, they areShow MoreRelatedStructural Functionalist And Marx And Engels s Theory Of Stratification1348 Words   |  6 Pages Social stratification refers to layers of inequality which society ranks categories of individuals in a hierarchy structure. The term stratification comes from the geology term ‘strata’ meaning rock layers. Throughout this paper I will touch base on ways structural functionalist and Marx and Engels view stratification in society, di fferent way exploitation take place in capitalist society according to Marx and Engles, the basic elements of exploitation, the forces that keep society from rebellingRead MoreEssay about Sociology1492 Words   |  6 Pagesspecialization within Sociology is social stratification. This segment of sociology attempts to deal with the structures of any given society and ones relationship with the institution. Social stratification means that inequality has been hardened or institutionalized, and there is a system of social relationships that determines who gets what, and why (pg.11, Kerbo).; Through various paradigms, and theories we are able to come to a better understanding of social stratification. The paradigm that is most rationalRead MoreSocial Class And Social Work Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesthem to contemporary britain in order to explain how social class influences an individual s life chances. I will also discuss and examine the value of these theories to students on a social work course. Sociology is fluid in the way in which theories become less central to sociological thinking as time progresses. The theory of social class in particular was very prominent throughout the 1950’s-1970’s where social class divisions were seen as central to understanding differences in opportunityRead MoreDiscuss Marxism and Functuionalism and Compare1133 Words   |  5 PagesCompare Marxist and Functionalist Perspectives Compare and Contrast Functionalist and Marxist Perspectives Sociology is a systematic way of studying the social world. It seeks to discover the causes and affects of intercommunication and interaction that arise in social relations. The science of society was developed as a discipline in the 19th Century by Auguste Compte, a French philosopher. For him, common sense and the obvious would not suffice; he wanted to build scientific theories based on criticalRead MoreFunctionalism, Interactionism and Conflict Theory964 Words   |  4 PagesThree main theories are used to gain a perspective view on our experiences and beliefs of the past, present, and future. These enable people to help gain the knowledge of why people do what they do. The level of study and research on these three differ. Functionalists and conflict theories focus on the macro level; where an extensive large scale comparison of society is examined with others of the same general class. Symbolic interactionist usually focuses on the micro level of social interactionRead Mor eCompare and Contrast Any Two Sociological Theories and Briefly Evaluate Them.2079 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and contrast any two sociological theories and briefly evaluate them. In the following essay I am going to compare and contrast the theories of marxism and functionalism, looking at the topics of the family and education. Functionalism has a macro-structural approach to society. It looks at society as a whole and is known as a consensus perspective i.e. everyone agrees on social norms and values and people work together to maintain society. These norms and values are learned by socialRead MoreUnderstanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Essay5342 Words   |  22 PagesIntroduction 4 4. Objectives 5 5. Research Methodology 5 6. What is Conflict? 6 7. Works of Karl Marx 9 8. Conflict of interest 12 9. Conflict perspective in sociology 13 10. In classical sociology 14 11. Modern approaches 17 12. Types of conflict theory 20 13. Conclusion 21 14. Bibliography, websites referred 21 Introduction Conflict  is the  struggle  for  agency  or  power  in  societyRead MoreCritically evaluate the contribution made by sociologists to our understanding of health and illness2889 Words   |  12 Pagesfrom solid interpretations to generalisations. It can vary from the study of two individuals encounter to the analysis of global social processes. There are three main areas of sociology, social structures such as education, family and social stratification, social systems for example culture and identity and social issues such as the causes of crime and the impact of unemployment. It is difficult to define society, other than as a number of people who live in the same territory, participate in commonRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmacrostructural conditions shape migratory flows and shift destinations, see Moya, Cousins and Strangers, 80–88. 56. For critiques of national perspectives, see Hasia Diner, â€Å"History and the Study of Immigration: Narratives of the Particular,† in Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines, ed. Caroline Brettell and James Hollifield (New York: Routledge, 2000), 27–42; Donna Gabaccia, â€Å"Is Everywhere Nowhere? Nomads, Nations, and the Immigrant Paradigm of United States History,† Journal of American History Structural Functionalist And Marx And Engels s Theory Of... Social stratification refers to layers of inequality which society ranks categories of individuals in a hierarchy structure. The term stratification comes from the geology term ‘strata’ meaning rock layers. Throughout this paper I will touch base on ways structural functionalist and Marx and Engels view stratification in society, different way exploitation take place in capitalist society according to Marx and Engles, the basic elements of exploitation, the forces that keep society from rebelling, and a few ways Davis and Moore critique Marx and Engels’ model of stratification. Both Marx and Engels agree that stratification is unnecessary within society. They both believe that stratification is a form of control that resulted from exploitation. Which reflects their view from the perspective of the â€Å"undergo† also known as the working class. For them stratification is about the exploitation of the working class. Human beings have values, so they should a ll be teated equally. They explain the system, society, and capitalist system only benefiting the rich and not the workers. The rich get more resources and the worker less. Which is problematic because the workers produce the resources but they don’t get anything. According to Marx the Elites benefit form the system because they have money giving them the ability to afford to be creative (go to a university, museum and other enjoyments) While the workers are exploited in the system because they don t have money, they areShow MoreRelatedStructural Functionalist And Marx And Engels s Theory Of Stratification1238 Words   |  5 Pages Social stratification refers to a layer of inequality which society ranks categories of individuals in a hierarchy. The term stratification comes from the geology term ‘strata’ meaning rock layers. Throughout this paper I will touch base on ways structural functionalist and Marx and Engels view stratification in society, different way exploitation take place in capitalist society according to Marx and Engles, the basic elements of exploitation, the forces that keep society from rebelling, and aRead MoreEssay about Sociology1492 Words   |  6 Pagesspecialization within Sociology is social stratification. This segment of sociology attempts to deal with the structures of any given society and ones relationship with the institution. Social stratification means that inequality has been hardened or institutionalized, and there is a system of social relationships that determines who gets what, and why (pg.11, Kerbo).; Through various paradigms, and theories we are able to come to a better understanding of social stratification. The paradigm that is most rationalRead MoreSocial Class And Social Work Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesthem to contemporary britain in order to explain how social class influences an individual s life chances. I will also discuss and examine the value of these theories to students on a social work course. Sociology is fluid in the way in which theories become less central to sociological thinking as time progresses. The theory of social class in particular was very prominent throughout the 1950’s-1970’s where social class divisions were seen as central to understanding differences in opportunityRead MoreDiscuss Marxism and Functuionalism and Compare1133 Words   |  5 PagesCompare Marxist and Functionalist Perspectives Compare and Contrast Functionalist and Marxist Perspectives Sociology is a systematic way of studying the social world. It seeks to discover the causes and affects of intercommunication and interaction that arise in social relations. The science of society was developed as a discipline in the 19th Century by Auguste Compte, a French philosopher. For him, common sense and the obvious would not suffice; he wanted to build scientific theories based on criticalRead MoreFunctionalism, Interactionism and Conflict Theory964 Words   |  4 PagesThree main theories are used to gain a perspective view on our experiences and beliefs of the past, present, and future. These enable people to help gain the knowledge of why people do what they do. The level of study and research on these three differ. Functionalists and conflict theories focus on the macro level; where an extensive large scale comparison of society is examined with others of the same general class. Symbolic interactionist usually focuses on the micro level of social interactionRead Mor eCompare and Contrast Any Two Sociological Theories and Briefly Evaluate Them.2079 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and contrast any two sociological theories and briefly evaluate them. In the following essay I am going to compare and contrast the theories of marxism and functionalism, looking at the topics of the family and education. Functionalism has a macro-structural approach to society. It looks at society as a whole and is known as a consensus perspective i.e. everyone agrees on social norms and values and people work together to maintain society. These norms and values are learned by socialRead MoreUnderstanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Essay5342 Words   |  22 PagesIntroduction 4 4. Objectives 5 5. Research Methodology 5 6. What is Conflict? 6 7. Works of Karl Marx 9 8. Conflict of interest 12 9. Conflict perspective in sociology 13 10. In classical sociology 14 11. Modern approaches 17 12. Types of conflict theory 20 13. Conclusion 21 14. Bibliography, websites referred 21 Introduction Conflict  is the  struggle  for  agency  or  power  in  societyRead MoreCritically evaluate the contribution made by sociologists to our understanding of health and illness2889 Words   |  12 Pagesfrom solid interpretations to generalisations. It can vary from the study of two individuals encounter to the analysis of global social processes. There are three main areas of sociology, social structures such as education, family and social stratification, social systems for example culture and identity and social issues such as the causes of crime and the impact of unemployment. It is difficult to define society, other than as a number of people who live in the same territory, participate in commonRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmacrostructural conditions shape migratory flows and shift destinations, see Moya, Cousins and Strangers, 80–88. 56. For critiques of national perspectives, see Hasia Diner, â€Å"History and the Study of Immigration: Narratives of the Particular,† in Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines, ed. Caroline Brettell and James Hollifield (New York: Routledge, 2000), 27–42; Donna Gabaccia, â€Å"Is Everywhere Nowhere? Nomads, Nations, and the Immigrant Paradigm of United States History,† Journal of American History